The paper was prepared by the Independent Evaluation Group for international development specialists, with both evaluation professionals and nutrition sector practitioners in mind. This paper is offered as part of the methodological paper series sponsored by the Independent Evaluation Group’s Methods Advisory Function. The authors would like to thank the editors and staff of this series for their comments and contributions: Jos Vaessen, Ariya Hagh, Sylvia Otieno, and Maurya West Meiers. A special thanks goes to Amanda O’Brien and Luísa Ulhoa for their support in editing, production, and graphic design.

All authors reviewed and contributed to the paper. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank Group, members of its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.