VIDEO: Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality
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Since 1990, maternal and childhood deaths have fallen by 47 percent globally. There are a lot of great ideas on how to reduce maternal and childhood mortality. Some of them have been effective, many have not been. Dr. Jeff Tanner, an economist at the World Bank Group shares the findings of a study that reviewed what interventions work.
Download the reports: Show MoreSince 1990, maternal and childhood deaths have fallen by 47 percent globally. There are a lot of great ideas on how to reduce maternal and childhood mortality. Some of them have been effective, many have not been. Dr. Jeff Tanner, an economist at the World Bank Group shares the findings of a study that reviewed what interventions work.
Download the reports:
World Bank Support to Early Childhood Development
Later Impacts of Early Childhood Interventions: A systematic Review
View the Infographics:
Infographic: Early Childhood Interventions - Where are the Knowledge Gaps?
Infographic: Impact of Interventions on Early Childhood Development Outcomes
IEG Insights: Women in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States
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This brief on how the World Bank Group can better meet the needs of women in fragile and conflict-affected states is based on a report by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent EvaluationThis brief on how the World Bank Group can better meet the needs of women in fragile and conflict-affected states is based on a report by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation
IEG Insights: Natural Resources in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States
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This brief on ways to support fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) in managing natural resources is based on a report by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation. For an in-depth assessment of strategies and assistance programs in FCS countries, the evaluation draws on empirical Show MoreThis brief on ways to support fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) in managing natural resources is based on a report by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation. For an in-depth assessment of strategies and assistance programs in FCS countries, the evaluation draws on empirical evidence from country program evaluations of Afghanistan, Liberia, and Timor-Leste and case studies of Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, and the Republic of Yemen.
IEG Insights: The Private Sector in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States
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This brief on ways to support fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) in fostering private sector development is based on an in-depth assessment of strategies and assistance programs by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled, World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation. The evaluation presents empirical evidence from three Show MoreThis brief on ways to support fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) in fostering private sector development is based on an in-depth assessment of strategies and assistance programs by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) entitled, World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation. The evaluation presents empirical evidence from three country program evaluations; six case studies; portfolio analyses; human resources and budget data; secondary analysis of IEG evaluations; background studies on aid flows, gender, private sector development, and jobs; and surveys of Bank Group staff and stakeholders.
Reducing Poverty through Sustainable Forest Use
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Forests are vital to human survival. About 1.3 billionâ 1.6 billion people depend on forests for food, energy, timber and many other uses. But rampant deforestation has meant the loss of nearly one half of the Earthâ s tropical forests cut over the past half a century. This puts pressure on policymakers, local communities and private companies to find better and more sustainable ways of using Show MoreForests are vital to human survival. About 1.3 billionâ 1.6 billion people depend on forests for food, energy, timber and many other uses. But rampant deforestation has meant the loss of nearly one half of the Earthâ s tropical forests cut over the past half a century. This puts pressure on policymakers, local communities and private companies to find better and more sustainable ways of using forest resources. The raging man-made forest fires in Indonesia are just one example of deteriorating conditions and their adverse effects for the country, its neighbors and the planet.
A recent learning event â Managing Forest Resources for Sustainable Developmentâ brought out relevant knowledge from the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) of the World Bank Group, the Asian Development Bankâ s (ADB) Independent Evaluation Department and the Environment Community of Practice, and the World Resources Institute (WRI). Despite the twelve hour time difference between the participating countries, the event drew a large attendance and brought out enthusiasm around this issue.
At the event, IEG highlighted the findings from its recent evaluation of the World Bank Group Experience with Managing Forest Resources for Sustainable Development. The evaluation covers Bank Groupâ s work after 2002, when it shifted the focus of its forest strategy. "This shift allowed the Bank Group to expand its work in all forest types, establish a set of safeguards to integrate forest resource management into sustainable economic development agenda, and most importantly, strive to balance its efforts and objectives in the three critical areas of poverty alleviation, enhancement of the economic value of forests and forest conservation. Instituting this strategic change was much needed and commendable, and it is still relevant today." â said Marvin Taylor-Dormond, Director, Private Sector Evaluations.
IEG found that participatory forest management has been the most successful at balancing the threefold goal of forest conservation, poverty alleviation, and economic development. Mexicoâ s community forest management program offers an excellent example in this regard, along with positive experiences in India, Tanzania, and Albania. However, neglect of the informal sector has resulted in missed opportunities to reach more of the rural forest-dependent poor. "In many client countries, regulations have criminalized rather than regularized the collection or production and sale of timber and non-timber forest products. Heavy fees and fines along the forest product value chainâ or regulations that allow for the sale of these products to be conducted by only a licensed fewâ tax the forest-dependent poor." â said the lead author of the study, Lauren Kelly.
In protected area projects, IEG found that trade-offs still exist between conservation and poverty alleviation goals. Going forward, the projects implemented in protected areas need to do a better job of articulating how poverty alleviation will be conceptualized and incorporated into project design. In the case of industrial timber concessions, support for legal and regulatory reform has improved forest governance and enhanced transparency and accountability. The evaluation also finds that significant challenges remain with respect to revenue capture, revenue redistribution, and environmental management, among others.
Forest-related investments supported by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have generally yielded higher value-added products and increased productivity and production capacity. â To ensure sustainable forest management practices, however, certification of forest operations needs to be strengthened along the value chain. IFC could also have a more catalytic effect on sustainable forest management if its investments were more strategically placed.â â said Stoyan Tenev, Manager, Private Sector Evaluations.
With the collapse of forest-related carbon markets and the failure thus far of approaches toward Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to achieve its forest-related climate change goals, IEG finds the strategy of sustaining a â no regretsâ portfolio of forest investments that pursue adaptation and mitigation goals within the broader landscape agenda very important. At the same time, given the Bankâ s leadership role in initiating and building a platform for REDD+ as well as associated market-based instruments, the World Bank Group will need to maintain a clear and direct line of communication with clients at the national and subnational levels â whose expectations for future finance have been raised through these initiatives.
At the event, ADBâ s Director General of Independent Evaluation, Vinod Thomas, highlighted the risks and opportunity in this area saying: "Forests are the quintessential example of gains from pursuing the triple bottom line of growth, equity and sustainability. But we are yet to grasp this opportunity because of vested interests that stand to lose from the pursuit of such a triple bottom line. Building on the positive examples that the IEG evaluation eloquently presents, countries and multilateral organizations need to revisit approaches to forest management for a viable way forward."
In its evaluation, IEG recommended an expansion of support for participatory forest management (including attention to regulatory barriers), more meaningful community participation in the design and management of protected areas, and the use of improved monitoring and evaluation indicators. Certainly, building on approaches that have workedâ as well as searching for innovative solutions to new challengesâ will be extremely important for sustainable forest management. In challenging environments, such as in fragile and conflict-affected states, support for industrial logging regimes or operations should be preceded by a rigorous review of the expected economic, environmental, and poverty related outcomes, including an analysis of expected outcomes under alternative land use schemes. The evaluation also proposed the use of experience gained by IFCâ s advisory services to mitigate upstream investment risks, to better attend to issues of land tenure, resource rights and competing land use claims.
Engaging local communities and the broader public in forest management issues has become easier as modern technologies become more sophisticated and accessible. Manish Bapna, Executive Vice President and Managing Director of the WRI pointed out that â Recent advances in technology will enable us to provide near real-time, highly granular information on forest cover. This transformation in transparency will go a long way to rooting out corruption and improving the sustainable management of forests.â He presented the recently launched WRI initiative called Global Forest Watch 2.0, which was developed in partnership with Google, the University of Maryland, the UN Environment Program, and other organizations. This work sets up a powerful near real-time forest monitoring system that brings together satellite technology, data sharing, and human networks around the world to fight deforestation, create transparency, and help promote accountability for forest management. The system uses cloud computing and open source software to rapidly process and interpret large volumes of satellite data at low cost by utilizing clusters of servers scattered around the world.
The data generated from the platform is hoped to help diverse groups of stakeholders, including governments, buyers and suppliers of sustainable commodities, media and non-profit organizations working on forest conservation. For instance, the platform is designed to be a trusted, independent, and user-friendly way to help investors in REDD+ and other forest conservation projects monitor performance and hold countries accountable to their commitments on greenhouse gas emission reductions and forest conservation. Another potential use of this data could by the media to ring the alarm bell on deforestation hotspots around the globe at a pace never-before-possible, and thereby put pressure on governments, companies, and others to curtail forest conversion and illegal logging in time.
The discussion further linked environmental sustainability with opportunities for economic growth and poverty. The urgency of finding such solutions is heightened by the role deforestation plays in augmenting the risks of climate change.
Note: The event was chaired by Akmal Siddiq, Director at ADB and coordinated by Daniele Ponzi, Lead Environment Specialist at ADB.
Evaluation Principles and Standards
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Evaluation Standards
IEG's Phase 2 Report of the Bankâ s involvement in global programs recommended, among other things, that IEG should include global programs in its standard evaluation and reporting processes to the Board. This includes:
Reviewing selected program-level evaluations conducted by Bank-supported global programs like IEG reviews other evaluations of Bank support at the Show MoreEvaluation Standards
IEG's Phase 2 Report of the Bankâ s involvement in global programs recommended, among other things, that IEG should include global programs in its standard evaluation and reporting processes to the Board. This includes:
Reviewing selected program-level evaluations conducted by Bank-supported global programs like IEG reviews other evaluations of Bank support at the project and country levels.
Working with the Bankâ s global partners to develop consensus standards for the evaluation of global programs.
IEG is implementing both components of this recommendation concurently, since they are complementary. Each is contributing to progress on the other.
Guidelines for Global and Regional Program Reviews
IEG has developed a set of guidelines for its own Global and Regional Program Reviews (GRPRs) in consultation with the Bankâ s units involved with global programs, operations policy, and trust fund management. These guidelines â which presume the existence of a prior external evaluation commissioned by the governing body of the program being reviewed â draw upon the evaluation framework in IEG's Phase 2 Report, the three pilot GPRs which IEG completed in FY06 and the Sourcebook for Evaluating GRPPs.
Indicative Principles and Standards for Evaluating GRPPs
IEG made a presentation on this topic to the Fourth Meeting of the OECD/DAC Network on Development Evaluation in Paris on March 31, 2006. Attended by representatives from the evaluation units of 23 bilateral agencies and development cooperation ministries, and from the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Monetary Fund, the meeting expressed broad support for developing principles and standards for evaluating GRPPs and requested that IEG play a leading role in doing so. The Sourcebook of Indicative Principles and Standards is the result of IEG's response to this request.
An earlier draft of the Sourcebook was reviewed at a Stakeholder Consultative Workshop held for this purpose in Paris on September 28-29, 2006. The workshop validated the approach of producing a free-standing and comprehensive document that presents, synthesizes, applies, and elaborates on existing evaluation principles and standards for the particular benefit of the governing bodies and management units of GRPPs. Workshop participants also provided comments that substantially improved the operational relevance of the Sourcebook and called for the additional preparation of a companion document of guidance notes and good-practice examples for the particular benefit of evaluators of GRPPs. The workshop was attended by 51 representatives (not including the workshop organizers) of the following stakeholder groups:
Bilateral donor agencies
UN organizations
MDBs
Foundations
Developing countries
NGOs/private sector
Global programs (management)
Global program evaluators
Evaluation associations
The present version of the Sourcebook, which incorporates the feedback received at the workshop, was presented to the Fifth Meeting of the DAC Evaluation Network in Paris on November 16-17, 2006. This meeting recommended a period of practical application, use, and review, rather than formal endorsement at this stage. It encourages the governing bodies and management units of GRPPs in which DAC members are involved to draw upon them in establishing their monitoring and evaluation policies and in conducting independent evaluations of their programs on a regular basis. It further encourages those who use this Sourcebook to provide feedback to IEG and the Network based on their experience, in order to inform and further improve the document for eventual formal endorsement by Network members.
Existing Evaluation Principles and Standards
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OECD/DAC Principles for Evaluation of Development Assistance (1991)
OECD DAC Evaluation Quality Standards (2006)
OECD Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-based Managment (2002)
OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (2004)
UN Evaluation Norms (April 2005)
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UN Evaluation Standards (April 2005)
English| Spanish | French | Russian | Chinese | Arabic
Evaluation Cooperation Group of the Multilateral Development Banks: Good Practice Standards
Evaluation Cooperation Group of the Multilateral Development Bank: Template for Assessing the Independence of Evaluation Organizations
Global Environment Facility: Monitoring and Evaluation Policy (February 2006)
Development Grant Facility of the World Bank: Independent Evaluation: Principles, Guidelines (November 2003)
The Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation: Program Evaluation Standards (1994)
African Evaluation Guidelines (2002) English | French
American Evaluation Association Guiding Principles for Evaluators (Revised July 2004)
Council on Foundations: Evaluation Approaches and Methods (2003)
Global and Regional Program Sites and Evaluations
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IEG has so far reviewed the most recent evaluations of more than 30 global and regional partnership programs as part of its Phase 2 Report of the Bank's involvement in global programs and its ongoing Global and Regional Program Reviews of selected program-level evaluations.
Click on the following to access the web-sites of these programs and their most recent external evaluations (if available Show MoreIEG has so far reviewed the most recent evaluations of more than 30 global and regional partnership programs as part of its Phase 2 Report of the Bank's involvement in global programs and its ongoing Global and Regional Program Reviews of selected program-level evaluations.
Click on the following to access the web-sites of these programs and their most recent external evaluations (if available). The programs and their evaluations are grouped by sector, and by age within each sector - the oldest programs first.
Environment and Agriculture | Health, Nutrition and Population | Information, Knowledge and Statistics | Infrastructure | Social Development and Protection | Trade and Finance | Regional Programs
The World Bank is not responsible for the content of any external internet sites.
* Note: All websites and evaluations will open in a new window.
Environment and Agriculture
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) website
Global Environment Facility (GEF) website | Independent Evaluation Office
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MLF) website
Global Water Partnership (GWP) website | evaluation
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) website | evaluation
International Land Coalition website | evaluation
Communities, Conservation and Markets website | evaluation
Least Developed Countries Fund for Climate Change website | evaluation
Special Climate Change Fund website | evaluation
Health, Nutrition and Population
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) website | evaluation 3 | evaluation 4
Partnership for Child Development (PCD) website | evaluation
UNAIDS website | evaluation
Global Forum for Health Research website | evaluation
Roll Back Malaria Partnership (RBM) website | evaluation | Change Initiative
Stop TB Partnership website | evaluation
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) website | evaluation | annexes
GAVI Alliance website | internal evaluation unit | evaluation RFP
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria website | evaluation
UNESCO Institute for Statistics website | evaluation
Education For All -- Fast track Initiative website | evaluation
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative website | evaluation
Health Metrics Network webxite | evaluation
Medicines Transparency Alliance website | evaluation
Information, Knowledge and Statistics
InfoDev website
Global Development Network (GDN) website | evaluation
Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21) website | evaluation
Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building website | evaluation
Knowledge for Change Program website | evaluation
Roma Education Fund website | evaluation
Infrastructure
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) website
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) website | evaluation
Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) website | evaluation
Cities Alliance website | evaluation
Global Water Partnership website | evaluation
Social Development and Protection
Understanding Children's Work (UCW) website
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)website | evaluation
Trade and Finance
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) website | evaluation | strategy
Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance website | evaluation
Global Corprorate Governance Forum website | evaluation | compliance review
Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) website | evaluation | management response
Regional Programs
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) website | evaluation | strategic overview
Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) website | evaluation Vol.1 2 3
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) website | evaluation & annexes
Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) website | evaluation
Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) website
World Bank Group and Guarantees: Three Questions
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Should the WBG be in the guarantee business?
Guarantee instruments have been largely effective in supporting WBG strategic objectives. Across the WBG, guarantees have effectively promoted private investment. Guarantees have supported investment flows across a broad range of high-risk sectors and countries and for small and medium-size investments. More than 30 percent of IFC guarantees have Show More
Should the WBG be in the guarantee business?
Guarantee instruments have been largely effective in supporting WBG strategic objectives. Across the WBG, guarantees have effectively promoted private investment. Guarantees have supported investment flows across a broad range of high-risk sectors and countries and for small and medium-size investments. More than 30 percent of IFC guarantees have been used to support trade and investment flows in Africa.
The WBG's additionality in risk mitigation derives from its relationship with governments and its contribution to broader development objectives. Each institution has issued a substantial proportion of its guarantees in high-risk countries. World Bank guarantees have helped further both policy reforms and the environment for private investment. IFC guarantees have supported financial innovation and capital market development by introducing new financial instruments to new classes of investors.
Have WBG guarantees been used to their potential?
Whereas guarantee instruments remain an important tool for supporting WBG strategic priorities, the use of the instruments has fallen short of WBG expectations to varying degrees. Several factors contribute to the perception that there is significant unmet demand for WBG guarantee instruments: (1) Political risk is consistently ranked as a main constraint; (2) regulatory and contractual risks are perceived as the main reason for the growing investment gaps in infrastructure; (3) abundant liquidity in emerging markets calls for enhancements that can help deepen the market, extend maturities, lower spreads, and redirect resources to underserved market segments and new areas unfamiliar to financiers in emerging markets.
Some external factors explain limited deployment. To some extent, the WBG has had overly optimistic expectations, particularly in the case of public-private partnerships across a range of infrastructure sectors based on rapid growth in the mid-1990s. Moreover, some studies indicate that 65 percent of investors self-insure rather than take third-party insurance, suggesting a more limited effective demand than expected. Private sector providers of risk mitigation products have expanded their coverage in terms of both products and markets. Liquid markets in the 2000s have reduced the demand for sovereign partial credit guarantees.
Internal factors have also constrained the deployment of instruments. MIGAâ s Convention and Operational Regulations limit its adaptability to new market trends. MIGA has also not been sufficiently aggressive in innovating within the flexibility allowed by current policies. Internal constraints to the deployment of Bank Group guarantees include the application of standards designed for public sector operations to private sector projects and lack of both internal and external promotion of the instruments. IFC has tended to apply a traditional project financierâ s approach to guarantee-type instruments. It has taken an overly conservative stance toward risk-sharing facilities, which has constrained their utilization. Although some progress has been made in innovation, there has been limited replication and scaling up.
Is the WBG appropriately organized to deliver the range of guarantee products?
There is an overlap in the provision of political risk mitigation (PRM) products within the WBG. Flexibility of policies and innovation in guarantee and nonguarantee products have expanded the scope for competition. In addition, several nonguarantee IFC products offer PRM to the market. The PRM products of the three WBG institutions serve the same broad group of clients, and there is evidence that these overlaps have caused confusion among clients and internal competition of the kind that often imposes additional transaction costs on clients and adds reputational risks for the Bank.
At the same time, each institutionâ s products carry distinct attributes that help define market niches. Relationships of both substitutability and complementarily exist among the WBG PRM instruments, which implies both opportunities for cooperation and the need for coordination.
Mechanisms to enhance coordination across the WBG have had varying degrees of effectiveness. More systematic consultations between MIGA and Bank country and sector departments have helped ensure that MIGA-supported projects are consistent with the Bank Groupâ s strategy in a country. But the principles that govern the relationship between MIGA and IFC products have been unclear. In some cases, informal information sharing about business opportunities has been effective in leading to actual guarantee projects.
There is limited coordination within the WBG in developing new products and at the business development stage. Lack of staff incentives, inadequate skills, and poor familiarity with the products of the other institutions has prevented better exploitation of downstream synergies in marketing WBG products. Significant potential exists for more systematic links between Bank-IFC advisory services and the use of WBG risk mitigation instruments, particularly in infrastructure, keeping in mind the need to manage potential conflict of interest issues. In sum, opportunities exist for improvement, and maintaining the status quo should not be an option.
Ten Key Issues for Diagnosis of a Government's M&E Systems
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1. Genesis of the existing M&E system: role of M&E advocates or champions; key events which created the priority for M&E information (e.g., election of reform-oriented government, fiscal crisis).
2. The ministry or agency responsible for managing the M&E system, and for planning evaluations. Roles and responsibilities of the main parties to the M&E system â e.g., Show More1. Genesis of the existing M&E system: role of M&E advocates or champions; key events which created the priority for M&E information (e.g., election of reform-oriented government, fiscal crisis).
2. The ministry or agency responsible for managing the M&E system, and for planning evaluations. Roles and responsibilities of the main parties to the M&E system â e.g., finance ministry, planning ministry, president's office, sector ministries, parliament or congress. Incentives for the stakeholders to take M&E seriously â strength of demand for M&E information. Possible existence of several, uncoordinated M&E systems, at the national and sectoral levels. Importance of federal/state/local issues to the M&E system.
3.The public sector environment and whether it makes it easy or difficult for managers to perform to high standards, and to be held accountable for their performance. Are public sector reforms underway which might benefit from a stronger emphasis on the measurement of government performance, such as a poverty reduction strategy, performance budgeting, strengthening policy analysis skills, creation of a performance culture in the civil service, improvements in service delivery such as customer service standards, government decentralization, greater participation by civil society, or an anti-corruption strategy?
4. The main aspects of public sector management which the M&E system supports strongly, such as: (i) budget decision-making; (ii) national or sectoral planning; (iii) program management; (iv) accountability relationships (to the finance ministry, to the President's office, to parliament, to sector ministries, to civil society).
5. Actual role of M&E information at the various stages of the budget process â such as policy advising and planning; budget decision-making; performance review and reporting. Possible disconnect between the M&E work of sector ministries and the use of such information in the budget process. Existence of any disconnect between the budget process and national planning. Opportunities to strengthen the role of M&E in the budget.
6. Extent to which the M&E information commissioned by key stakeholders (e.g. the finance ministry) is used by others, such as sector ministries. If not, what are the barriers to utilization? Any solid evidence concerning the extent of utilization by different stakeholders (e.g., a diagnostic review or a survey). Examples of major evaluations which have been highly influential with the government.
7. Types of M&E tool which are emphasized in the M&E system: regular performance indicators; rapid reviews or evaluations; performance audits; rigorous, in-depth impact evaluations; other. Scale and cost of each of these types of M&E. Manner in which evaluation priorities are set â are they focused on 'problem programs', pilot programs, high-expenditure or high-visibility programs, or are they based on a systematic research agenda to answer questions about program effectiveness?
8. Who is responsible for collecting performance information, and for conducting evaluations (e.g., ministries themselves, or academia or consulting firms)? Any problems with data quality or reliability, or with the quality of evaluations which have been conducted. Strengths and weaknesses of local supply of M&E. Key capacity constraints and the government's capacity-building priorities.
9. Extent of donor support for M&E in recent years. Donor projects which support M&E at whole-of-government, sectoral or agency levels â provision of technical assistance, other capacity-building and funding for the conduct of major evaluations, such as rigorous impact evaluations.
10. Conclusions: overall strengths and weaknesses of the M&E system. Its sustainability, in terms for example of vulnerability to a change in government. How dependent is it on donor funding or other support? Current plans for future strengthening of the M&E system.
Gestion des ressources forestières pour le développement durable: Evaluation de l'expérience du Groupe de la Banque mondiale
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[English] Il y a dix ans, la Banque mondiale a modifié son approche dans le secteur forestier en mettant la réduction de la pauvreté et le développement économique au centre des ses priorités au même titre que la conservation. Il sâ agit là dâ une initiative audacieuse compte tenu des risques et compromis inhérents au maintien dâ un équilibre adéquat entre ces trois objectifs Show More
[English] Il y a dix ans, la Banque mondiale a modifié son approche dans le secteur forestier en mettant la réduction de la pauvreté et le développement économique au centre des ses priorités au même titre que la conservation. Il sâ agit là dâ une initiative audacieuse compte tenu des risques et compromis inhérents au maintien dâ un équilibre adéquat entre ces trois objectifs. Dix ans après sa mise en Åuvre, La SFI a évalué les progrès accomplis et les résultats de cette approche. L'évaluation comprend un examen de la stratégie du Groupe de la Banque et de l'ensemble du portefeuille dâ environ 350 opérations au cours de la décennie passée. Des études de cas sur le terrain ont été menées au Brésil, au Chili, en Chine, en République démocratique du Congo, en Inde, en Indonésie, en République démocratique populaire lao, au Libéria, au Mexique, au Pérou, en Russie, au Sud-Soudan, en Uruguay ainsi quâ une étude théorique des petits états insulaires. De longues entrevues ont été réalisées par le biais de divers forums. Une revue de littérature a été effectuée afin de compléter les études théoriques et les études sur le terrain, y compris lâ Evaluation forestière 2000 du Groupe Indépendant dâ Evaluation et lâ Evaluation à mi-parcours de la mise en Åuvre réalisée par la Banque mondiale.
Overview: English | Français | Español | Português | Literature Review |
Stratégie
Lâ Evaluation de lâ IEG a conclu que la stratégie est toujours pertinente et conforme à la mission globale du Groupe de la Banque mondiale. Toutefois, la gestion des conflits et lâ exploitation des synergies entre les trois objectifs: la réduction de la pauvreté, la conservation et le développement économique, s'est avérée difficile à mettre en Åuvre, mis à part un plus grand succès sur le plan environnemental.
Forêts et changement climatique
La Banque mondiale a joué un rôle majeur dans le dialogue sur le rôle des forêts, le changement climatique et le développement d'instruments de carbone forestier. Selon lâ examen de l'IEG, le Fonds de Partenariat pour le Carbone Forestier géré par la Banque mondiale offre une plate-forme efficace et hautement inclusive pour définir les modalités de la REDD +. Mais, il a également suscité des attentes auprès des clients qui ne pourront être satisfaites que si les flux financiers suivent. L'IEG a souligné la nécessité d'un dialogue interne de haut niveau sur la façon dont la Banque intégrera les stratégies nationales REDD dans la planification globale de développement.
Projets d'aires protégées
Les projets d'aires protégées - qui constituent un peu moins de la moitié (100 projets en nombre), du total du portefeuille forestier - ont largement réussi à mettre en place des zones de conservation importantes et à renforcer leur capacité de gestion. Au Brésil seulement, le Groupe de la Banque mondiale a aidé le gouvernement à mettre 24 millions d'hectares de terres forestières sous statut dâ aires protégées. Toutefois, les compromis entre les objectifs de conservation et les objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté pourraient être mieux gérés en traitant ex-ante les revendications relatives à lâ utilisation des ressources et des terres coutumières ainsi quâ en intégrant davantage les connaissances locales et les moyens de subsistance dans la conception du système (lâ accès à l'eau, les droits de transit, la récolte, les protéines, le combustible et le fourrage et d'autres apports de ressources forestières essentielles à la sécurité des ménages). à ce jour, les efforts du Groupe de la Banque pour offrir aux populations locales des alternatives durables à la dégradation des forêts se sont souvent révélés inefficaces et non durables après la mise en place du projet (sur la base d'un examen des 32 projets qui ont été achevés au moment où l'étude a été réalisée).
Paiements pour services environnementaux et gestion participative des forêts
Les systèmes de paiement pour services environnementaux (PSE) que la Banque mondiale a soutenus en Amérique latine sont à l'avant-garde des efforts visant à identifier et à attribuer une valeur monétaire aux services environnementaux des forêts. En outre, le programme biodiversité et produits agricoles de la SFI a aidé les agriculteurs à produire et à commercialiser de l'huile de palme et de lâ huile de soja durables- même sâ il a eu moins de succès dans la production de viande.
L'appui de la Banque à la gestion participative des forêts et aux régimes de sous-traitance en Inde a relativement bien réussi à établir un équilibre entre la réduction de la pauvreté et les objectifs environnementaux. En outre, les deux décennies de soutien durable à la gestion communautaire des forêts au Mexique ont contribué à développer des entreprises forestières communautaires qui créent des emplois et participent à la gestion durable des forêts. Les efforts de la Banque pour promouvoir la gestion participative des forêts en Inde, en Honduras, en Tanzanie et en Albanie ont également produit des résultats positifs au niveau environnemental et au niveau des moyens de subsistance.
Dans le même temps, le désintérêt continu à lâ égard du secteur informel constitue une opportunité manquée d'atteindre plus de populations pauvres qui dépendent de la forêt pour leur survie, en même temps que la possibilité de promouvoir une gestion durable des espaces forestiers. Les réactions des parties prenantes au Brésil, au Mexique, au Pérou, en République démocratique populaire lao, ainsi que les entretiens avec le personnel de la SFI travaillant au Nicaragua, au Guatemala, en Bolivie et en Indonésie ont tous souligné la nécessité de résoudre les problèmes de réglementations inappropriées ou excessives des activités forestières à petite échelle afin de réduire la pauvreté dans le secteur.
Soutien aux investissements du secteur privé
Les investissements de la SFI dans le secteur des produits forestiers ont aidé les entreprises à produire des produits à forte valeur ajoutée, à augmenter la productivité et la capacité de production et ont produit des taux de rendement relativement élevés. Même si la SFI a intensifié ses efforts pour soutenir la viabilité tout au long de la chaîne d'approvisionnement, les résultats indiquent des défis encore persistants dans la mise en place de la certification et de la traçabilité. Par ailleurs, les activités de la MIGA dans ce secteur sont relativement faibles et sont principalement axées sur le soutien aux opérations de déchiquetage. La MIGA doit également améliorer les rapports de ses clients en matière de traçabilité.
Réformes des concessions forestières industrielles
L'IEG a également examiné le soutien de la Banque aux réformes des concessions forestières industrielles qui sont principalement mises en Åuvre par le biais des opérations de politique de développement dans les forêts tropicales humides en Afrique Centrale et Occidentale et en Asie Orientale. Sâ appuyant sur un examen approfondi des projets, des visites de terrain et des entretiens avec les parties prenantes, des études de la Banque, des étude exhaustives de la documentation relative aux projets ainsi que sur des évaluations disponibles par des tiers, l'IEG a conclu que le soutien de la Banque mondiale à la réforme juridique et réglementaire des concessions forestières industrielles a amélioré la gouvernance forestière au niveau national, renforcé la transparence et la responsabilité, mis en place des normes environnementales et a permis d'augmenter les revenus du secteur formel. Toutefois, les mêmes données indiquent de sérieux problèmes au niveau de la mise en Åuvre sur le terrain en ce qui concerne la gestion de ces concessions, à savoir si elles sont gérées d'une manière écologiquement durable ou si elles ont des effets positifs sur les moyens de subsistance à lâ échelle locale. Ces préoccupations concernant des projets anterieurs effectués au Cambodge et en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) ont été signalées par le Panel d'inspection de la Banque mondiale. Plus récemment, des documents relatifs aux projets de la Banque mondiale ont fait état de certaines pratiques de gestion forestière non durables (au Cameroun) et ont aussi évoqué des défis en matière dâ application des règlementations forestières (en RDC.) La seule évaluation de la pauvreté et de lâ impact social, menée par la Banque mondiale et réalisée ex post sur les effets des réformes des concessions (Liberia), a révélé que l'insécurité alimentaire dans et autour du système de concession était tout aussi élevée quâ au moment de la mise en place des concessions. Par ailleurs, quand les rendements économiques des concessions - et la capacité de percevoir des impôts, sont surestimés (comme en RDC, au Libéria et au Ghana), les recettes ne peuvent pas être acheminés comme prévu afin de bénéficier aux communautés locales. Comme le souligne à juste titre la direction dans sa réponse, de plus en plus d'études tentent de mesurer la rentabilité et la viabilité des modèles de l'industrie forestière dans les forêts tropicales humides. La littérature souligne les mêmes difficultés de mise en Åuvre, que celles indiquées dans le rapport de l'IEG, en ce qui concerne la rentabilité, la durabilité environnementale, la certification et la réduction de la pauvreté (redistribution des revenus). Il est important de noter que ce rapport est relativement récent et mérite donc la réflexion.
C'est pourquoi l'IEG a recommandé que la Direction de la Banque entreprenne et communique un examen complet des résultats économiques, environnementaux et sociaux associés à l'appui de la Banque mondiale aux réformes de concessions forestières dans les pays forestiers tropicaux humides à faible gouvernance, y compris une analyse des résultats qui pourraient être réalisés dans le cadre des systèmes alternatifs de gestion forestière. Bien que ces opérations soient relativement peu nombreuses, leur mise en Åuvre déterminera le sort de millions d'hectares de forêts tropicales humides vierges qui abritent une biodiversité irremplaçable ainsi que des millions de personnes tributaires des ressources forestières, et qui fournissent des services environnementaux essentiels. En tant que principal bailleur de fonds international pour les forêts, le Groupe de la Banque mondiale doit déterminer si les systèmes de gestion forestière qu'il a aidé à mettre en place répondent aux attentes.
Dans son rapport au Conseil d'Administration de la Banque, le Comité pour l'efficacité du développement a souligné que les interventions futures du Groupe de la Banque mondiale doivent inclure des évaluations rigoureuses des impacts prévus sur les plans économique, environnemental, social et sur la pauvreté afin d'améliorer la mise en Åuvre de la réforme des concessions forestières dans les environnements difficiles. Lâ IEG entend poursuivre un engagement constructif avec toutes les parties prenantes concernées par la gestion durable des forêts.