In 2012, Somalia was considered a failed state characterized by multiple, protracted, and deeply rooted fragility and development challenges. Today, Somalia remains one of the poorest and most fragile countries in the world. The country continues to be affected by ongoing civil conflict, a still-evolving political-constitutional structure, extreme poverty, and susceptibility to climate change and natural disasters.

This evaluation assesses the evolution and performance of the World Bank Group’s support during fiscal years 2013–23, spanning two country strategies. This includes the evolution and relevance of its strategy and engagement, contributions to state building, and adaptations of support to Somalia’s fragility context.

The World Bank’s support has contributed to many achievements in building and strengthening state capacity and institutions, but enormous challenges remain. This evaluation offers four lessons to inform future engagement.