Altai Consulting. 2025. Review of the Africa Fragility Initiative. Altai Consulting.

Barnes, Nicolas. 2017. “Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence.” Perspectives on Politics 15 (4): 967–87.

Charles, Sarah, Megan Doherty, Cindy Huang, Jeremy Konyndyk, Jon Kurtz, and Lauren Post. 2019. The Role of the World Bank in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations. Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/role-world-bank-fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations.

Chelsky, Jeff, Sengphet Lattanavong, and Mees van der Werf. 2022. “When the Financing Stops: The World Bank, Chad, and Shades of Engagement.” What Have We Learned? (blog), June 28. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/blog/when-financing-stops-world-bank-chad-and-shades-engagement.

Chin, J. John, and Haleigh Bartos. 2024. “Rethinking Africa Policy amid Changing Geopolitical Realities.” Texas National Security Review 7 (2): 114–32.

Cliffe, Sarah, and Renata Dwan. 2023. Aid Strategies in ‘Politically Estranged’ Settings. Chatham House.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and WFP (World Food Programme). 2023. Hunger Hotspots: FAO-WFP Early Warnings on Acute Food Insecurity: November 2023 to April 2024 Outlook. FAO and WFP. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000153539/download.

IDA (International Development Association). 2020. IDA19—Ten Years to 2030: Growth, People, Resilience. Report from the Executive Directors of IDA to the Board of Governors, Additions to IDA Resources—Nineteenth Replenishment. IDA. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/459531582153485508/additions-to-ida-resources-nineteenth-replenishment-ten-years-to-2030-growth-people-resilience.

IDA (International Development Association). 2021. “Adjustments to IDA19.” IDA. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/983171624240954115/pdf/Adjustments-to-IDA19.pdf.

IDA (International Development Association). 2022. IDA20—Building Back Better from the Crisis: Toward a Green, Resilient and Inclusive Future. IDA. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/163861645554924417.

IDA (International Development Association). 2023. IDA19 Retrospective—Responding to Multiple Crises on the Road to 2030: Growth, People, Resilience, FY21–FY22. IDA. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099520305242316126.

IDA (International Development Association). 2024. IDA21—Ending Poverty on a Livable Planet: Delivering Impact with Urgency and Ambition. IDA. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099060424184037529.

IDA (International Development Association). 2025. Ending Poverty on a Livable Planet: Delivering Impact with Urgency and Ambition. Report from the Executive Directors of IDA to the Board of Governors, Additions to IDA Resources—Twenty-First Replenishment. IDA. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099042525174542121.

IDA (International Development Association), IFC (International Finance Corporation), and MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency). 2013. “Interim Strategy Note for the Republic of Mali for the Period FY14–15.” IDA, IFC, and MIGA. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/165011468281401293/pdf/762330ISN0P119070Box377300B00OUO090.pdf.

Kishi, Roudabeh. 2023. “A Quantitative Look at Global Conflict Trends.” World Bank Group and United Nations.

Kishi, Roudabeh. Forthcoming. “Systematic Sexual Violence in Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Studies.

Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative. n.d. “ND-GAIN Index: Vulnerability Dataset.” University of Notre Dame. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index.

Our World in Data. n.d. “Number of State-Based Conflicts.” Accessed August 16, 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-state-based-conflicts.

Peyton, Buddy, Joseph Bajjalieh, Dan Shalmon, Michael Martin, Jonathan Bonaguro, and Scott Althaus. 2024. “Cline Center Coup d’État Project Dataset.” Illinois Data Bank, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. https://doi.org/10.13012/B2IDB-9651987_V7.

Peyton, Buddy, Joseph Bajjalieh, Dan Shalmon, Michael Martin, Jonathan Bonaguro, and Scott Althaus. 2025. “Cline Center Coup d’État Project Dataset Codebook (v2.2.0).” Cline Center for Advanced Social Research, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

PRIO (Peace Research Institute Oslo). 2024. “Conflict Trends: A Global Overview, 1946–2023.” PRIO.

UNHCR (United Nations Refugee Agency). 2023. Mid-Year Trends 2023. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/mid-year-trends-report-2023.

Uppsala University. n.d. “Uppsala Conflict Data Program.” Accessed August 16, 2024. https://ucdp.uu.se.

Vines, Alex. 2024. “Understanding Africa’s Coups.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, April 13. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/04/13/understanding-africas-coups.

Vines, Alex. Forthcoming. “Coups in Africa Since 2020.” African Security Review.

World Bank. 1998. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank.” World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/175771468198561613/pdf/multi-page.pdf.

World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8439-8.

World Bank. 2012. Niger—Building Resilience to Vulnerabilities and Sustaining Reforms for an Inclusive Growth. Country Profile. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/279281468323110236/txt/9357502012May90e0Box0395404B0PUBLIC.txt.

World Bank. 2014. World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/Evaluation/files/fcs_eval.pdf.

World Bank. 2016a. “IDA18 Overarching Theme: Towards 2030: Investing in Growth, Resilience and Opportunity.” World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/471761467993490105/ida18-ida18-overarching-theme-towards-2030-investing-in-growth-resilience-and-opportunity.

World Bank. 2016b. “Mocha Wind Park Project.” Implementation Status and Results Report P146055, World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/796011467195139781/pdf/ISR-Disclosable-P146055-06-29-2016-1467195125604.pdf.

World Bank. 2016c. World Bank Group Engagement in Situations of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/fragility-conflict-violence.

World Bank. 2017. Forcibly Displaced: Toward a Development Approach Supporting Refugees, the Internally Displaced, and Their Hosts. World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25016.

World Bank. 2018a. “Burkina Faso—Completion and Learning Review for the Period of FY13–FY16.” https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/403561531884643843/pdf/FINAL-Burkina-Faso-CLRR-to-Board-June-21-2018-06252018.pdf.

World Bank. 2018b. Recent World Bank Experience with RRAs and Operational Programming in FCV Countries. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/reports/RRAs_FCVs_Stocktaking.pdf.

World Bank. 2018c. Stocktaking 2018: World Bank Support to Situations in Conflict. World Bank.

World Bank. 2019a. The International Finance Corporation’s Engagement in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations: Results and Lessons. Synthesis Report. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2019b. Learning from IDA Experience: Lessons from IEG Evaluations, with a Focus on IDA Special Themes and Development Effectiveness. Synthesis Report. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/reports/syn_idalearning.pdf.

World Bank. 2020. World Bank Group Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 2020–2025. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/844591582815510521/world-bank-group-strategy-for-fragility-conflict-and-violence-2020-2025.

World Bank. 2021a. IDA19: Mid-Term Review of the Operationalization of the Fragility, Conflict and Violence (FCV) Envelope. World Bank.

World Bank. 2021b. “Mozambique Prevention and Resilience Allocation Eligibility Note.” Unpublished document, April 1. World Bank.

World Bank. 2021c. “Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Sudan: Phase II Project.” Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR00005146, World Bank.

World Bank. 2021d. World Bank Engagement in Situations of Conflict: An Evaluation of FY10–20 Experience. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/world-bank-engagement-situations-conflict.

World Bank. 2021e. “World Bank Group Procedure: Country Engagement.” Unpublished Guidance Note. World Bank.

World Bank. 2021f. The World Bank Group’s Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2022a. Enhancing the Effectiveness of the World Bank’s Global Footprint. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2022b. The International Finance Corporation’s and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency’s Support for Private Investment in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations, Fiscal Years 2010–21. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2022c. Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2022. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2022d. The World Bank Group in Chad, 2010 to 2020. Country Program Evaluation. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023a. Addressing Gender Inequalities in Countries Affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence: An Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Support. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023b. “Afghanistan Risk and Resilience Assessment.” Unpublished document. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023c. Ending Poverty on a Livable Planet: Report to Governors on World Bank Evolution. World Bank. https://www.devcommittee.org/content/dam/sites/devcommittee/doc/documents/2023/Final%20Updated%20Evolution%20Paper%20DC2023-0003.pdf.

World Bank. 2023d. “Environment and Natural Resources Supplementary Guidance Note for Risk and Resilience Assessments.” World Bank.

World Bank. 2023e. “Mid-Term Review of the World Bank Group Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (2020–2025).” World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099102523150028132/pdf/BOSIB00eef97e208a0937700f5b7e85e393.pdf.

World Bank. 2023f. Mozambique—Country Partnership Framework for the Period FY23–FY27. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023g. Mozambique Country Program Evaluation. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023h. World Bank Group Support to FCS: Financial Flows and Financing. World Bank.

World Bank. 2023i. The World Bank Group’s 2018 Capital Increase Package: An Independent Validation of Implementation and Results. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024a. “Country Private Sector Diagnostics and IFC 3.0 Country Strategies.” Unpublished document. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024b. A Focused Assessment of the International Development Association’s Private Sector Window. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024c. “FY24 Progress Reporting: SOE Reform Evaluation Report.” Unpublished document. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024d. Global Poverty Trends. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024e. “IDA20 Mid-Term Review: Implementation Update and Issues for Discussion (Omnibus Paper).” Unpublished document. World Bank.

World Bank. 2024f. Independent Evaluation Group Validation of the Management Action Record 2024. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluation/2024-independent-evaluation-group-validation-management-action-record.

World Bank. 2024g. “Natural Resource Management, Fragility, and Conflict Issues: Guidance Note for Country Climate and Development Reports.” World Bank.

World Bank. 2024h. Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report 2024: Pathways out of the Polycrisis. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099101424092027337.

World Bank. 2024i. “Turn-Around Allocation Annual Review FY24 Central African Republic (CAR).” World Bank.

World Bank. 2025a. “Chad—Country Partnership Framework for FY16-FY20.” Completion and Learning Review Review, Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011222221356/pdf/BOSIB01d8216c60fe09fe80bda3928180a9.pdf.

World Bank. 2025b. “Classification of Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations.” World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/classification-of-fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations.

World Bank. 2025c. Foreign Direct Investment in Retreat: Policies to Turn the Tide. World Bank.

World Bank. 2025d. Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2024. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank. 2025e. The World Bank Group in the Federal Republic of Somalia: Fiscal Years 2013–23. Country Program Evaluation. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099307503252514921.

World Bank. Forthcoming-a. “Papua New Guinea.” Completion and Learning Review Validation, Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank.

World Bank. Forthcoming-b. The World Bank Group in Ethiopia: Fiscal Years 2013–23. Country Program Evaluation. Independent Evaluation Group. World Bank.

World Bank and United Nations. 2018. Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/4c36fca6-c7e0-5927-b171-468b0b236b59.

World Bank Group. 2013. “Operational Policies and Bank Procedures 7.30.” In Operations Manual. World Bank Group. https://ppfdocuments.azureedge.net/3880.pdf.

World Bank Group. 2017. World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2017.

World Bank Group. 2020. IBRD-IFC Capital Package and the Forward Look: Implementation Update. World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/272931602172683830/pdf/IBRD-IFC-Capital-Package-and-the-Forward-Look-Implementation-Update-Report-to-Governors.pdf.

World Bank Group. 2021. “Updated Bank Policy: Development Cooperation and Fragility, Conflict, and Violence.” Unpublished document. World Bank Group.

World Bank Group. 2023. Guinea Risk and Resilience Assessment. World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099062823201039550.

World Bank Group. 2024. From Vision to Impact: Implementing the World Bank Group Evolution. World Bank Group.

World Bank Group. 2025. World Bank Group Internal Audit: Financing for the FCV Strategy. World Bank Group.

World Bank Group. n.d. “FY24 Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations.” Accessed August 5, 2025. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/3d4356ac2aee9f0b2db90ae9ce49f639-0090082024/original/FCSList-FY06toFY24.pdf.

Yonzan, Nishant, Mahler, Daniel Gerszon, and Christopher Lakner. 2022. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Inequality and Poverty.” Paper presented at the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth General Conference, Luxembourg, August 22–26. https://iariw.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Mahler-Yonzan-Lakner-IARIW-2022.pdf.